Continuity and Changes in the Super-Exploitation of the Semi-Colonial World by Monopoly Capital
Consequences for the Marxist Theory of Imperialism
Preface for the Portuguese Translation of “The Great Robbery of the South”
Written by Michael Pröbsting
(International Secretary of the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency)
Published in 2013
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CONTENTS
1. Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism
“…as precise and full a Definition of Imperialism as possible”
Trotsky’s View of Lenin’s Theory of Imperialism
The Division of the World into Oppressing and Oppressed Nations
The Semi-Colonial Countries: a modified Form of Imperialist Subjugation or Independent Capitalist States?
The Role of the Superstructure and its Relationship with the Economic Basis
Imperialism and the Semi-Colonial State
2. Monopolism and the increasing Role of Monopolies in the World Economy
Imperialism as Policy or as Monopolism based on Economic Laws?
Monopolism and Monopoly Profit
The ever-increasing Grip of Monopolies in the World Economy
3. The Decline of Capitalism since the 1970s
4. Capitalist Value Production and the Working Class Move to the South
The Marxist Classics on the Industrialization of the South
Value and Price on the World Market: The Grand Distortion of the Value Creation in the South
The increasing Importance of the Proletariat in the South and the Emerging Imperialist Countries
5. Rising Exploitation, Super-Exploitation and the Lowering the Value of Labour Force
Marx and the Depressing the Wages below the Value of the Labor Force
Impoverishment and Précarisation of the World Working Class in the past Decades
The Rise in the Rate of Exploitation
6. Marxist Theory and Imperialist Super-Exploitation of the Semi-Colonial Countries
Unequal Exchange
Capital Export
Migration and Super-Exploitation
Centrist Objections
The Role of the Foreign Market
An Overview on the Financial Net Transfer
Importance of Raw Materials and Food
The Role of Imperialist Capital Export to the Semi-Colonial World
Excurse: Capital Export and Capital Export is not the same
i) Extra Profits via Capital Export as Productive Investment
Underestimation of surplus value and extra-profits extracted from the South
ii) Extra profits via Capital Export as Money Capital (Loans, Currency Reserves, Speculation, etc.)
Losses from Currency Exchange
Capital Flight
iii) Value Transfer from the Semi-Colonial South to the Imperialist North: Unequal Exchange
iv) Value Transfer from the Semi-Colonial South to the Imperialist North: Migration
Dramatic effects for semi-colonies: Brain Drain and Remittances
Direct and Indirect Exploitation of Migrants
Attempt for Total Calculation of Imperialist Plundering
Excurse: The Role of the Plundering of the Colonies for the Formation of
Capitalism in Western Europe in the 16th to 18th Century
9. Revisionist Critiques of the Leninist Theory of Imperialism
The Essence of Centrism
Denial of Concept of Semi-Colonies
Did Lenin and Trotsky know of Semi-Colonies?
When did the Epoch of Imperialism begin?
“Sometimes the Creation of ‚Independent’ States leads to a Strengthening of Imperialism.” (Lenin)
Backward Countries without Industry and Proletariat?
The CWI and the “imperialist” Argentina
The Example of Argentina
The SWP/IST and the Debt Dependency
Is there still a National Question of the Semi-Colonial Countries?
The new Theory of “Sub-Imperialism”
The Example of Turkey
“Sub-Imperialism” or Advanced Semi-Colonies?
Rejection of Concept of Labor Aristocracy
LFI: A formal Defense of Lenin’s Theory which disembowels its revolutionary Content
10. China‘s Transformation into an Imperialist Power
What are the Criteria for an Imperialist State?
China’s race to a World Major Economy
China’s Monopolies
Exploitation and Super-Exploitation of the Working Class
Capital Export as Bond and Loan Capital
Capital Export as Foreign Direct Investment
A Note on Hong Kong’s Role in Foreign Direct Investment
Where is China investing abroad?
Super-exploitation of the semi-colonies
China’s Military Forces
The Struggle for Control over the South China (or East) Sea
Where should the Working Class stand in possible Wars involving US and Chinese Imperialism and South-East Asian Nations?
Why did China’s Rulers succeed in becoming imperialist where others failed?
11. The Theory of Permanent Revolution and its Program for the Working Class Struggle
12. The Struggle against Imperialist Aggressions and Wars:
The Programme of the early Communist International and the Fourth International
i) Reactionary Wars and Conflicts between Imperialist States
ii) Just Wars and Resistance of the Oppressed
For the Destruction of the Apartheid State Israel!
Excursus: Capitalism as a unity of economic, political and ideological Spheres
iii) The Struggle for Class Independence and the Anti-imperialist United Front Tactic
iv) Liberation Struggles, Imperialist Interference and the Dual Military Tactics
The Public Opinion in the Imperialist World must not be the Starting Point for developing a Position towards a War!
How to approach various Forms of imperialist Military Interventions?
Consequences for the Military Tactic
The Marxist Classics on Contradictory Factors in Wars
13. Centrism’s Failure in the Struggle against Imperialist Wars
i) The Malvinas War in 1982
ii) The Gulf War in 1991
iii) The imperialist War on Terror since 2001
Social-Imperialist ex-Stalinists
The IST’s specific Form of Opportunism
How to fight for anti-imperialist Position and how not to fight for it
IST policy: Give us some Posts and we stop fighting for our Principles
CWI and their Capitulation to Imperialism
Socialist Zionism a la CWI
Is Revolutionary Defeatism too much for the Working Class?
On the CWI’ and IMT’s Falsification of Lenin’s and Trotsky’s Method
CMR/IRMT: Rejection of Anti-Imperialism in ultra-left Clothes
14. Some final remarks on the Perspectives for Class Struggle
i) A world historic revolutionary period
ii) The present historic period and its consequences for the semi-colonial world
The Shift to the South
The shift to Asia
Increasing Migration and Internationalization of the working class in the North
Great Power Rivalry and increasing imperialist leverage and wars of aggression against semi-colonies
Tendency towards Colonialism or more room to maneuver for the semi-colonial bourgeoisie?
Globalization, regionalization and protectionism
The Prospects of Revolution and the Crisis of Working Class Leadership
List of Tables
Table 1: National composition of Top 50 control-holders Shareholders
Table 2: Growth Rate of the worldwide GDP 1971-2010
Table 3: Growth Rate of Industrial Production in USA, Japan and EU-15, 1961-2010
Table 4: Growth Rate of Gross Fixed Capital Formation in USA, Japan and EU-15, 1961-2010
Table 5: Growth Rates of Fixed Capital Stock, 1960-2000
Table 6: Share of Imperialist and (Semi-)Colonial Countries in World Industrial Production 1948-1979
Table 7: Manufacturing Share by Region, 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2010 (in %)
Table 8: Share of Output by Sector in Developed and Developing Countries 1990–2005
Table 9: Share of Economic Sectors of GDP in various World Regions 2008
Table 10: Developing and Developed Countries’ Share of Global Manufacturing Value added by Industry Sector, 1995–2009
Table 11: Wage laborer as a Share of all Employed by Regions, 1996-2008
Table 12: Female Wage Laborer as a Share of all Female Employed by Regions, 2008
Table 13: Share of all Labor Force in Economic Sectors in Regions, 1950, 1977 and 2008 (in %)
Table 14: Share of all Labor Force in different Regions in the years, 1965, 1995 and 2008/09
Table 15: Growth of the Working Class in the Semi-Colonial World
Table 16: Distribution of Wage Laborers in different Regions, 1995 and 2008/09
Table 17: Distribution of Labor Force in Industry in different Regions 2008/09
Table 18: Share of Manufacturing Employment for Developing and Developed Countries, by Industry Sector, 1993–2008
Table 19: Changes of Labor’s Share of GDP in Rich and Poor countries, 1960-1993
Table 20: Wages Growth and GDP Growth, 2001-2007
Table 21: Share of Wages in Manufacturing, 1975-1992
Table 22: Net Transfers of Financial Resources to Developing Countries and former Stalinist Countries, 1995-2011
Table 23: Gross Value of Capital Invested Abroad in 1914 and 1938
Table 24: Distribution of US Private FDI, 1950-1975
Table 25: Distribution of Western German Private FDI, 1960-1975
Table 26: Geographical Distribution of Foreign Direct Investments of Western Europe, USA and Japan, 1975
Table 27: Gross Value of Foreign Capital in Developing Countries 1870-1998
Table 28: Geographical Distribution of Inward FDI Stock, 1967-1997
Table 29: FDI Stock, by Region and Economy, 1990-2011
Table 30: FDI Stock, by Region and Economy, 1980-2011 (share of global FDI stock)
Table 31: FDI Inflows as a Percentage of Capital Formation, 1980-1990
Table 32: FDI Inflows as a Percentage of Capital Formation, 1990-2010
Table 33: FDI Outflows as a percentage of Capital Formation, 1990-2010
Table 34: Company Acquisitions and Creation by Foreign Capital in the US, 1983-1989
Table 35: Profit rates of Direct Investment of US corporations in Imperialist and Semi-Colonial Countries, 1951-1970
Table 36: Extra profits of US Monopolies in Semi-Colonies, 1970 and 1975
Table 37: Profits on US Direct Investment Overseas, 2006-2009
Table 38: Annually Repatriated Profits and Annual Growth of Foreign Investment by US Monopolies, 1950-1966
Table 39: International Banking Capital in relation to World Output, Trade and Investment, 1964-1991
Table 40: Long-Term Real Interest Rates in Imperialist and Semi-Colonial Countries
Table 41: Increase of Debts in Regions, 1980-2002
Table 42: Gross Debt, Deposits and Net Debt, 1995
Table 43: Stock of foreign-born Labor Force in OECD countries, 1999-2008
Table 44: Distribution of National Income between the North and the South, 1850 and 1960
Table 45: Per Capita GDP in North and South, 1820 and 1998
Table 46: Industrialization in Latin American countries, 1929-1957
Table 47: Per Capita GDP and Interregional Spreads, 1870-1998
Table 48: Turkey’s FDI Stock, 1990-2011
Table 49: Wage Inequality in OECD Countries, 1970-2008
Table 50: Share of low-skilled Workers, 1995
Table 51: Unskilled and Skilled Workers, 2001
Table 52: List of the Top 10 Countries of the Global 500 companies
Table 53: Rural-to-Urban Migrants as a Proportion of Total Workforce
Table 54: Annual Increase in Labor Disputes in China, 1995-2006
Table 55: FDI Outward Stock by Country, 2011
Table 56: FDI flows from selected countries, 2006-2011
Table 57: Destinations of China’s Capital Export from 2005 to mid-2012
Table 58: China’s Non-Bond Investment by Type 2005-2010
Table 59: The 10 largest Military Spender, 2011
Table 60: The 10 largest Exporter of Major Arms, 2010
List of Figures
Figure 1: Global FDI flows to GDP
Figure 2: Transnational Corporations share of world GDP, 2010
Figure 3: Internationalization Statistics of the 100 largest non-financial TNCs worldwide & from Developing and Transition Economies, 2010
Figure 4: U.S. Parent Companies Account for Employment, Output, Capital, Investment, Exports and Research and Development, 2006
Figure 5: Rate of Profit in the US Productive Sectors, 1948-2010
Figure 6: Rate of Profit of US Corporations, 1947-2009
Figure 7: Average Rate of Profit and Organic Composition in the US Productive Sectors, 1948-2009
Figure 8: Manufacturing Capacity Utilization in USA
Figure 9: Financial Profits as a Percentage of Total Profits in USA
Figure 10: Share of Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate in USA
Figure 11: U.S. Balance Of Payments, 1946–2008
Figure 12: Developing Economies’ Share in World Manufacturing Value Added and GDP, 1990–2010
Figure 13: Developed and Developing Countries’ Share of World Manufactured Exports, 1992–2009
Figure 14: Manufactured Exports Markets by Region, 2005 and 2009
Figure 15: Distribution of the Global Labor Force by Regions, 1965–2025
Figure 16: Developing Countries’ Share in World Manufacturing Employment, 1980–2008
Figure 17: Global Industrial Labor Force in Developed and Developing Countries, 1950–2005
Figure 18: Share of Manufacturing Employment in Developing Countries, 1998–2008
Figure 19: Employment Status in Turkey, 1988-2006 in Total Employment, 1970-2007
Figure 21: Informal Employment and Economic Development
Figure 22: Labor Share in OECD Countries, 1960-2000
Figure 23: Labor Income Shares in OECD Countries, 1980-2007
Figure 24: Share of Compensation of Employees in National Income, Selected Country Groups, 1980-2008
Figure 25: Wage Share of Value Added in Manufacturing Industry in South Korea, Mexico and Turkey, 1970-2003
Figure 26: Wage Share in Manufacturing Industry in Turkey, 1970-2005
Figure 27: Chinese Manufacturing Labour’s Share, 2002-2008
Figure 28: Trends in Wage Shares in Regions, 1983-2009
Figure 29: Rates of Surplus Value in Developed, Developing and Transition Economies, 1994-2008
Figure 30: Latin America: Net Transfer of Resources, 1950-2002
Figure 31: Net Financial Transfer from Semi-Colonies to Metropolises, 1980-1990
Figure 32: Costs of the Global Market to Developing Countries, 1990
Figure 33: Net Transfers of Financial Resources to Developing Economies and Economies in Transition, 1999-2011
Figure 34: EU Agricultural Imports by Origin, 1999-2010
Figure 35: FDI Inflows, World and Group of Economies, 1980-2010
Figure 36: Greenfield Investments by the largest 100 TNCs, 2007–2010
Figure 37: Geographical Differences between Hourly Wages in Manufacturing, 2008
Figure 38: Hourly Compensation Costs of Manufacturing Employees, selected Countries and Regions, 2005
Figure 39: Operating Profits derived from Operations in Developing and Transition Economies, selected top 100 TNCs, 2010
Figure 40: Share of Imported Inputs in Manufacturing, 1970-2000
Figure 41: Production Costs of an Apple iPhone assembled in China
Figure 42: US and oversee Employees in 1955 and in 2012
Figure 43: External Debt Service-to-Export Ratio, 2005-2010
Figure 44: Illicit Financial Flows from India, 1948-2008
Figure 45: World Imports as Share of World GDP, 1965-2007
Figure 46: World Exports as Share of World GDP, 1965-2007
Figure 47: Regions Share in World Exports, 1948-2007
Figure 48: World Manufactured Exports, by Region, 1995–2009
Figure 49: Development of Terms of Trade 1880-2000
Figure 50: Development of Terms of Trade for Non-Oil Producing Developing Countries, 1957-2000
Figure 51: Migrants as a percentage of the Population, 1960-2005
Figure 52: The share of Migrants in the population, 1960 and 2005
Figure 53: Wages in Imperialist and Semi-Colonial Countries, 1988-92
Figure 54: Turkey’s Rising Dependence on Short-Term Foreign Debt
Figure 55: Real Annual Family Income Growth by Quintile, 1947-1979 and 1979-2010
Figure 56: Changes in US Male Full-Time Workers Wages according to their different Education Levels, 1963-2008
Figure 57: Increase of Wage Inequality in OECD countries, 1980-2005
Figure 58: US Male Wage Inequality, 1937-2005
Figure 59: Share of Global Economic Output, 1981-2011
Figure 60: China’s Economic Performance
Figure 61: Share of global Manufacturing Exports; USA and Britain 1906-29 and China 2000-09 (in %)
Figure 62: Gross Fixed Capital Formation, Imperialist Countries, Semi-Colonial Countries and China, 1960-2011
Figure 63: International Comparison of Ownership Structure of the Banking Sector (2005) and Financial System Structure (2009)
Figure 64: Rate of Profit in the Chinese Manufacturing, 1978-2004
Figure 65: Size of State-Owned Enterprises and Rate of Return in Private and State Enterprises in China, 1998-2010
Figure 66: Share of Informal Employment in Urban Labor Market amongst Migrant and Local Workers in China, 2001-2010
Figure 67: Government Expenditures for Education, Health, Environmental and Social Protection, 2007-2009
Figure 68: Inequality in Real Wages in Special Economic Zones and All Other Cities between top and bottom layer of Workers, 1988-2001
Figure 69: Inequality in Nominal Wages in Special Economic Zones and All Other Cities, 1988-2001
Figure 70: Workers Protests in State and Private Enterprises, 2000-2010
Figure 71: China’s Foreign Exchange Reserves and its US Securities Holdings, 2002-2011
Figure 72: China as the world second biggest Net Capital Exporter, 2011
Figure 73: China’s Outward Investment, 2005 – mid 2012
Figure 74: Composition of China’s Foreign Investments, 2009‐2011
Figure 75: Foreign Assets of China’s main non‐banking SOEs, 2010
Figure 76: China’s Trade with Africa, 1995-2010
Figure 77: China’s Trade with East Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990 and 2010
Figure 78: China’s First and Second Island Chains in the Pacific Sea
Figure 79: Sovereignty Claims in the South China Sea
List of Abbreviations
Comintern: Communist International
CMR: Committee for Marxist Revival
CWI: Committee for a Workers International
ECLAC/CEPAL: United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
ELP: European Left Party
EU: European Union
FDI: Foreign Direct Investment
FLTI: Fracción Leninista Trotskista Internacional
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
ILO: International Labour Organization
IMF: International Monetary Fund
IMT: International Marxist Tendency
IST: International Socialist Tendency
IRMT: Iranian Revolutionary Marxists’ Tendency
LCFI: Liaison Committee for the Fourth International
LFI: League for the Fifth International
LINKE: Left Party in Germany
LRCI: League for a Revolutionary Communist International
LCW: Collected Works of Lenin
LW: Lenin Werke (Collected Works of V. I. Lenin in German language)
MECW: Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
MEW: Marx Engels Werke (Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in German language)
NPA: Nouveau Parti Anticapitaliste
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
p.a.: per annum (per year)
PCF: Parti Communiste Français
PPP: Purchasing Power Parity
RCIT: Revolutionary Communist International Tendency
RKOB: Revolutionäre Kommunistische Organisation zur Befreiung
Schriften: Trotzki Schriften (Trotsky Writings in German language)
SWP: Socialist Workers Party
TNC: Transnational Corporation
UN: United Nations
UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UN-DESA: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
US: United States of America
WTO: World Trade Organization
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Pritchett, Lant: Let Their People Come: Breaking the Gridlock on Global Labor Mobility, Center for Global Development, 2006
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____ Für das nationale Selbstbestimmungsrecht der AlbanerInnen im Kosovo! Einem Aufstand entgegen! ArbeiterInnenstandpunkt Nr. 88 (1997), http://arbeiterinnenstandpunkt.net/alt/ast88kosovo.html)
____ Diskussion über die Frage der Balkanföderation und der internationalen ArbeiterInnensolidarität: Welche Perspektive für den Balkan? ArbeiterInnenstandpunkt Nr. 90 (1998), http://arbeiterinnenstandpunkt.net/alt/ast90kosovo.html)
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____ Marxismus, Imperialismus und der Balkankrieg, ArbeiterInnenstandpunkt Nr. 98 (1999), http://arbeiterinnenstandpunkt.net/alt/ast98kosovo5.html
____ Der kapitalistische Aufholprozeß in Südkorea und Taiwan; in: Revolutionärer Marxismus Nr. 20 (1996). A shortened version of this article appeared as “Capitalist Development on South Korea and Taiwan” in: Trotskyist International No. 21 (1997), http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/capitalist-development-south-korea-and-taiwan.
____ East Asia: Crisis spurs Revolution; in: Trotskyist International No. 25 (1999)
____ Die Lehren aus dem imperialistischen Sieg im Afghanistan-Krieg, in: ArbeiterInnenstandpunkt Nr. 118 (January 2002)
____ Krieg den Kriegstreibern!, in: ArbeiterInnenstandpunkt Nr. 126 (March 2003)
____ Americanise or bust. The challenges facing Europe, in: Fifth International No. 2 (2004)
____ Amerikanisierung oder Niedergang. Widersprüche und Herausforderungen für das imperialistische Projekt der europäischen Vereinigung; http://www.arbeitermacht.de/rm/rm35/amerikanisierung.htm
____ Zur Geschichte des Zionismus: Von Anfang an reaktionär, in: Israel, Zionismus und Antisemitismus. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit den Mythen und Legenden der Antinationalen (2006)
____ Über den politischen Charakter der Antinationalen, den Holocaust, den Zionismus, in: Israel, Zionismus und Antisemitismus (2006), http://www.rkob.net/marxistische-theorie/politischer-charakter-antinationale
____ Austria: Vienna was anti-Bush city!, 24.06.2006, http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/austria-vienna-was-anti-bush-city
____ Der israelische Terrorkrieg gegen das libanesische und palästinensische Volk, in: ArbeiterInnenstandpunkt Nr. 144 (August 2006)
____ Der Libanon-Krieg und die Linke: Pazifistische Linke als verkleidete Diener des Imperialismus, in: Revolutionärer Marxismus Nr. 36 (2006), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/libanon-krieg-und-linke
____ Imperialismus, Globalisierung und die Ausbeutung der Halbkolonien (2007), in: BEFREIUNG Nr. 154; http://www.trend.infopartisan.net/trd1207/t261207.html
____ KPÖ-Baier unterstützt neokonservative Anti-Iran-Kampagne. Wie tief kann man sinken? Kommentar zur Unterstützung des KPÖ-Funktionärs Walter Baier für die neokonservative „STOP THE BOMB“-Kampagne gegen den Iran (2007), http://arbeiterinnenstandpunkt.net/phpwcms/index.php?id=25,348,0,0,1,0
____ Atomkriegstreiber hetzen auf der Wiener Universität: Es ist höchste Zeit, den antinationalen Kriegshetzern Einhalt zu gebieten! 30.10.2008, http://arbeiterinnenstandpunkt.net/phpwcms/index.php?id=25,436,0,0,1,0
____ Die Frage der Vereinigung Europas im Lichte der marxistischen Theorie. Zur Frage eines supranationalen Staatsapparates des EU-Imperialismus und der marxistischen Staatstheorie. Die Diskussion zur Losung der Vereinigten Sozialistischen Staaten von Europa bei Lenin und Trotzki und ihre Anwendung unter den heutigen Bedingungen des Klassenkampfes; in: Unter der Fahne der Revolution Nr. 2-3 (2008)
____ Der Tschad-Konflikt und die Linke: Schein-Antiimperialismus mit marxistischen Phrasen getarnt“, in „Unter der Fahne der Revolution“ Nr. 2/3 (April 2008), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/tschad-intervention-und-linke
____ Imperialism and the Decline of Capitalism (2008), in: Richard Brenner, Michael Pröbsting, Keith Spencer: The Credit Crunch – A Marxist Analysis (2008), http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/imperialism-and-decline-capitalism
____ Solidarität mit dem palästinensischen Widerstand, in: BEFREIUNG Nr. 172 (January 2009)
____ Der Verrat der ‘Linken’ im Gaza-Krieg. Warum ist Neutralität im Kampf zwischen Unterdrückten und Unterdrückern Verrat und warum scheitern die meisten „marxistischen“ Linken an der Solidarität mit dem palästinensischen Volk, in: Unter der Fahne der Revolution Nr. 4 (2009), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/gaza-krieg-und-linke
____ Imperialismus, Globalisierung und der Niedergang des Kapitalismus; in: Revolutionärer Marxismus 39, 2009, http://www.arbeitermacht.de/rm/rm39/rm39imperialismus.htm
____ Einleitung der Liga der Sozialistischen Revolution zur Stellungnahme Britannien: Nein zu den nationalistischen Streiks!, 5.2.2009, http://arbeiterinnenstandpunkt.net/phpwcms/index.php?id=25,579,0,0,1,0
____ Umwandlung des imperialistischen Krieges in den Bürgerkrieg. Die Strategie Lenins und der Bolschewiki; in: Revolutionärer Marxismus Nr. 40 (2009), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/lenin-und-der-imperialistische-krieg
____ World economy – heading to a new upswing? (2009), in: Fifth International Vol. 3, No. 3, http://www.fifthinternational.org/content/world-economy-%E2%80%93-heading-new-upswing
____ Vor einem neuen Wirtschaftsaufschwung? Thesen zum marxistischen Konzept des Zyklus, dem Verhältnis des gegenwärtigen Zyklus zur Periode der Globalisierung sowie den Aussichten und Widersprüchen der künftigen Entwicklung der Weltwirtschaft (2010), in: Revolutionärer Marxismus 41, Februar 2010, http://www.arbeitermacht.de/rm/rm41/wirtschaftsaufschwung.htm
____ Palästina: Solidarität und Widerstand, in: BEFREIUNG Nr. 188 (June 2010)
____ Marxismus, Migration und revolutionäre Integration (2010); in: Der Weg des Revolutionären Kommunismus, Nr. 7, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/werk-7. A summary of this study in English-language: Michael Pröbsting: Marxism, Migration and revolutionary Integration, in: Revolutionary Communism, No. 1 (English-language Journal of the RCIT), http://www.thecommunists.net/oppressed/revolutionary-integration/
____ Die halbe Revolution. Lehren und Perspektiven des arabischen Aufstandes (The Half Revolution. Lessons and perspectives of the Arab Uprising; in: Der Weg des Revolutionären Kommunismus, Theoretisches Journal der Revolutionär-Kommunistischen Organisation zur Befreiung, RKOB), Nr. 8 (2011), http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/werk-8
____ What would a revolutionary organisation have done? August uprising of the poor, the nationally and racially oppressed in Britain; in: RCIT: Revolutionary Communism No. 1, (September 2011), http://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/europe/britain-august-uprising/
____ Five days that shook Britain but didn’t wake up the left. The bankruptcy of the left during the August uprising of the oppressed in Britain: Its features, its roots and the way forward; in: RCIT: Revolutionary Communism No. 1, (September 2011), http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/britain-left-and-the-uprising/
____ China‘s transformation into an imperialist power. A study of the economic, political and military aspects of China as a Great Power (2012); In: RCIT: Revolutionary Communism No. 4, http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4
____ Liberation struggles and imperialist interference. The failure of sectarian “anti-imperialism” in the West: Some general considerations from the Marxist point of view and the example of the democratic revolution in Libya in 2011”, in: RCIT: Revolutionary Communism, No. 5; http://www.thecommunists.net/theory/liberation-struggle-and-imperialism
____ and Suchanek, Martin: EU in der Krise. Soziales oder sozialistisches Europa?; http://www.arbeitermacht.de/rm/rm35/europa.htm; in: Revolutionärer Marxismus Nr. 35 (2005)
Qi, Dongtao: Chinese Working Class in Predicament, in: East Asian Policy Volume 2, Number 2, Apr/Jun 2010
____ Chinese Working Class in Predicament (2010), EAI Background Brief No. 528
____ Chinese Chinese Working Class and Trade Unions in the Post-Mao Era: Progress and Predicament, in: International Journal of China Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2, October 2010
Qiao, Jian: Between the State and Market: Multiple Roles of the Chinese Trade Union during Market Transition. A Survey of 1811 Enterprise Union Chairpersons, China Institute of Industrial Relations, http://www.ilera-directory.org/15thworldcongress/files/papers/Track_2/Poster/CT2_59_Qiao.pdf
Razi, Maziar and Shirin, Morad: Where should we stand if US-Israel attack Iran? 25 January 2012, Iranian Revolutionary Marxists’ Tendency, in: Marxist Revival No. 12, December 2011/January 2012, http://marxist.cloudaccess.net/mideast/233-where-should-we-stand-if-us-israel-attack-iran.html. The French translation appeared on L’Etincelle’s website http://etincellenantes.org/?p=2213
____ Modern imperialist domination and Islamic fundamentalism (2008); Iranian Revolutionary Marxists’ Tendency, http://marxist.cloudaccess.net/impire/115-modern-imperialist-domination-and-islamic-fundamentalism.html
Reenen, John Van: Wage Inequality, Technology and Trade: 21st Century Evidence (2011), Centre for Economic Performance
Rees, John: Imperialism: globalisation, the state and war; in: SWP (Britain), International Socialism Journal, Issue No. 93 (2001); http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj93/rees.htm
Research on Chinese Workers Editorial Collective: The Current and Future Condition of China’s Working Class; in: China Left Review, Isue#4, Summer 2011, http://chinaleftreview.org/?p=471
Revolutionäre Kommunistische Organisation zur Befreiung (RKOB): The August Uprising in Britain – A Report of the RKOB delegation on its visit in London in August 2011, in: RCIT: Revolutionary Communism No. 1, (September 2011), http://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/europe/britain-report-from-uprising
____ After the storming of the Israeli embassy in Cairo: The struggle against the Israeli Apartheid State is an integral part of the Arab Revolution (2011), http://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa/israel-and-arab-revolution
____ Austria: Pro-Israeli War-Mongers try to throw 20-year old Palestine Solidarity Activist into Prison. RKOB spokesperson Johannes Wiener is accused of „sedition” because of a Pro-Palestine speech during the Gaza War, Statement of the RKOB, 13.12.2012, http://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa/no-to-criminalization-of-rcit-activist
____ Austria: Israelite Cultus Community attempts to criminalize partisanship for the Palestinian Resistance! Charge of “Sedition” against RKOB Spokesperson and Palestine Solidarity Activist Johannes Wiener is a Pretext for Attack on Freedom of Expression, Statement of the RKOB, 20.12.2012, http://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa/no-criminalization-of-solidarity-with-palestine
____ Victory! The Charge against RKOB Spokesperson and Palestine Solidarity Activist Johannes Wiener has been dropped! Austria: Israelite Cultus Community suffers defeat in its attack on Free Speech and Palestine Solidarity, Statement of the RKOB, 10.1.2013, http://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa/solidarity-with-wiener-won
____ Statements in Solidarity with RCIT Activist Johannes Wiener, http://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa/solidarity-with-johannes-wiener
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About the Author
Michael Pröbsting was born in Vienna (Austria) in 1967. He became politically active when he was 14 years old and has been an organized Trotskyist militant since the age of 16. After five years of membership in the “United Secretariat of the Fourth International” of Ernest Mandel, he joined the League for a Revolutionary Communist International (later renamed to League for the Fifth International) in February 1989. He served on the leadership bodies of the Austrian section since 1989 and of the LRCI/LFI since 1994 until he and his comrades-in-arms were expelled by the majority of this organization in April 2011.
Soon after this, they founded the Revolutionary Communist Organization for Liberation in Austria and the Revolutionary Communist International Tendency which has sections in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, USA and Austria. He serves as the International Secretary of the RCIT. As part of his international political work, Michael Pröbsting stayed for longer periods in Occupied Palestine (Israel) in 1985, in Eastern Germany during the political revolutionary process in 1989/91, in Britain in 1994 and during the revolutionary period in Argentina in 2002.
In addition, he gained experience in the workers and anti-imperialist movement during his numerous visits to Sri Lanka, Lebanon, Turkey, Greece, Kosovo, Serbia, Ukraine, Russia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Germany, Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden and the USA. Michael Pröbsting is the author of many articles and pamphlets in both the German and English languages. He has also published books on Migration (“Marxismus, Migration und revolutionäre Integration”, 2010) and the Arab Revolution (“Die halbe Revolution. Lehren und Perspektiven des arabischen Aufstandes”, 2011).
Furthermore, he contributed to books on Rosa Luxemburg (“Rosa Luxemburg – ‘Ich bin ein Land der unbeschränkten Möglichkeiten’”, 1999) as well as the “The Credit Crunch – A Marxist Analyses” (2008) which has been published in English, German and Turkish.
Preface for the Portuguese Translation of “The Great Robbery of the South”
By Michael Pröbsting, 14 March 2021
It is a great pleasure to see the Portuguese-language translation of “The Great Robbery of the South”! It has been clear to us for a long time that the super-exploitation of the South by the imperialist monopolies has become an increasingly important feature of global capitalism. This has been the case because the imperialists not only have exploited the natural resources of the (semi-)colonial countries (which they have done since centuries) but also because capitalist value production has increasingly moved to the South.
Another, corresponding feature of the very same fundamental development has been the increasing migration from the South and the resulting growing importance of migrants for the class struggle in the imperialist countries. This issue played an important role in the faction struggle in our predecessor organization and our resulting bureaucratic expulsion in April 2011. [1] Our book-like “Theses on Migration” became one of the earliest major works of the RCIT which we founded soon after our expulsion. [2]
As said above, it was clear to us that the increasing role of migration and the increasing shift of capitalist value production to the South were two sides of the same coin. Hence, we soon decided to deepen our theoretical understanding of the second aspect of this major topic. The result was, after several months of writing and discussions, the publication of the “The Great Robbery of the South” in April 2013.
Naturally, some figures in the book could be replaced by more actual data. But basically, the book has not lost its actuality because all the main developments with which dealt it, their theoretical analysis as well as the issues of program and tactics remain of crucial importance for a proper Marxist understanding of the world situation.
In this brief preface we will not summarize the content of this book, not least because its last chapter contains already such a summary. At this place we shall draw attention only to two issues which, in our opinion, are particularly relevant for a Brazilian audience (but also for others).
First, the book critically deals, among others, with the so-called theory of sub-imperialism (see chapter 9). [3] This theory was initially developed by the Brazilian socialist Ruy Mauro Marini in the 1960s. Rejecting Lenin’s conception which divides the world in oppressor and oppressed nations, imperialist and (semi-)colonial countries, this theory claims that a third category of countries (“sub-imperialist”) has emerged. Actually, he viewed Brazil as such a country. [4] As we show in this book, such a view is utterly wrong since Brazil was and remains basically a semi-colonial – albeit an advanced and industrialized – country dominated by imperialist powers.
However, since the days of Marini, this theory of sub-imperialism has become increasingly popular – mainly among Marxist academics but also among some socialist organizations. All kind of countries are now characterized as “sub-imperialist”: China, South Korea, Russia, Iran, Greece, Turkey, South Africa, Argentina, etc. [5]
Naturally, Marxists are intransigent enemies of the national bourgeoisie of their country. Hence when the capitalist government conducts a reactionary military operation abroad, revolutionaries will rigorously oppose it. For example, when Brazil socialists opposed the leading role of the Brazil army in the MINUSTAH mission in Haiti (“United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti”) in 2004 to 2017 we fully shared such a stance. All socialists and sincere anti-imperialists had to oppose what was effectively a military occupation force in the service of the Great Powers.
Hence, if socialists, under such conditions, flirt with the application of the theory of sub-imperialism for their own country as an expression of their anti-patriotic approach, this could reflect – to a certain degree – a healthy class instinct.
Nevertheless, the theory of sub-imperialism as such is wrong and can only result in utter confusion and might even lead to dangerous practical consequences. The denial of the semi-colonial character of a country might easily result in the refusal to defend it against an imperialist power. Take the example of the pseudo-Trotskyist currents associated with the names of Ted Grant, Peter Taaffe and Alan Woods (once united in the CWI, they have split over the years in different international organizations like the CWI, the ISA and the IMT with Liberdade, Socialismo e Revolução and Esquerda Marxista – both currents within PSOL – as the Brazilian sections of the latter two internationals). This tradition openly or in disguised fashion utilized the concept of sub-imperialism in order to refuse the defense of Argentina against Britain in 1982 or of Iraq against Western imperialism in 1991.
On the other hand, the concept of sub-imperialism can also be applied to states which are in fact imperialist states (e.g. to China, Russia or South Korea). In such a case this might result in refusal of taking a revolutionary defeatist position in a conflict between such a state and an imperialist rival (e.g. the U.S. or Japan).
Unfortunately, such an approach is highly popular among many leftists – in Latin America as well as globally. Many reformist and populist currents – from social democracy like the PT, Chavismo/Bolivarianismo to Stalinism – they all consider China as a welcome ally against Yankee imperialism. It should not go unnoticed that most forces of Latin American Trotskyism share such denial of China’s imperialist character. The Argentinean PO (both factions) even fancies that capitalist restoration still has not been completed in China! Others – like the PTS/FT, PSTU/LIT and UIT – recognize its capitalist character but also categorically reject the theses of Chinese imperialism. [6]
These brings us also to the second issue to which I would like to draw attention in this brief preface. As the reader can see, we deal extensively with the process of capitalist restoration in China in the early 1990s and its subsequent transformation into an imperialist power in the late 2000s. We can state, not without pride, that the RCIT was nearly alone in recognizing this process from early on. We took such position already in summer 2010 and, two years later, we published our analysis in a substantial study. [7] Chapter 10 in the present book is based on this study. Since then, we have published a number of additional analytical works on China’s class character which are all compiled on the special page on our website. [8]
As said, at that time we were nearly alone in recognizing the imperialist character of China. Today, an increasing number of activists as well as intellectuals recognize this fundamental fact which is the basis to understand the character of the Cold War between the U.S. and China as a form of inner-imperialist rivalry. In fact, the example of Chinese imperialism demonstrates how important it is for a Marxist organization to undertake serious theoretical work in order to recognize new developments – and to recognize them when they are taking place and not only a decade later when everyone can see it!
Such recognition of the imperialist character of the rivalry between the Great Powers (U.S., China, EU, Russia, and Japan) is particularly crucial today. As we have said repeatedly, it is impossible to grasp the dynamic of the world political developments without understanding the key role of the antagonistic interests and conflicts between the imperialist Great Powers.
This is all the more true as we have entered a period characterized by the Third Depression, i.e. the worst economic slump of the capitalist world economy since 1929, a global anti-democratic turn towards chauvinism and state bonapartism; and the COVID-19 pandemic, the ruling classes all over the world are determined to strengthen themselves at the expense of their rivals. Against such a background, an acceleration of the rivalry between the imperialist Great Powers – in particular between the two strongest, U.S. and China – is unavoidable.
In such a period, socialists – in Latin America as well as globally – must not lend support to any imperialist bourgeoisie. They need to fight against imperialist domination by any Great Power – the U.S., China or others. In any political, economic, or military conflict between imperialist states, socialists must take a revolutionary defeatist position against each of these reactionary enemies. Latin America can become free only in the struggle against all imperialist powers and not in alliance with one of them!
Finally, I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude to comrade Joao Evangelista. As the reader can see, this is an extensive book, and it is easy to imagine what an arduous work this translation must have been! It is a pleasure to work along such a comrade so gifted in speaking several languages!
[1] On the history of the RCIT and its predecessor organization see our book by Michael Pröbsting: Building the Revolutionary Party in Theory and Practice. Looking Back and Ahead after 25 Years of Organized Struggle for Bolshevism, December 2014, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/rcit-party-building/
[2] Michael Pröbsting: Thesen zu Rassismus, Migration, der Lage der MigrantInnen in Österreich und der Strategie der revolutionären Integration (2011), https://www.thecommunists.net/publications/werk-7/. Unfortunately, this work exists only in German language. However, we published a summary of it in English: Marxism, Migration and revolutionary Integration, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/revolutionary-integration/.
[3] See on this issue also the essay by Michael Pröbsting: Semi-Colonial Intermediate Powers and the Theory of Sub-Imperialism. A contribution to an ongoing debate amongst Marxists and a proposal to tackle a theoretical problem, 1 August 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/semi-colonial-intermediate-powers-and-the-theory-of-sub-imperialism/
[4] See e.g. Ruy Mauro Marini: Brazilian “Interdependence” and Imperialist Integration, in: Monthly Review Vol. 17, No. 7 (December 1965); Ruy Mauro Marini: Brazilian Sub-Imperialism, in: Monthly Review Vol. 23, No. 9 (February 1972)
[5] We have elaborated a concrete analysis of these countries in numerous works. See on this – beside the relevant chapters in the present book – the following: On China and Russia see the extensive literature mentioned in the special sub-section on our website: https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/; on China see also the essay of Michael Pröbsting: Chinese Imperialism and the World Economy, in second edition of The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham 2020, https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-3-319-91206-6_179-1; on South Korea see e.g. our pamphlet: South Korea as an Imperialist Power. On the nature of South Korean monopoly capital and the ensuing programmatic tasks of the workers vanguard, December 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/study-on-south-korea-as-an-imperialist-power/; on India see our pamphlet The China-India Conflict: Its Causes and Consequences, August 2017, Revolutionary Communism No. 71, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-india-rivalry/ (chapter V); see also Michael Pröbsting: Is India a New Emerging Great Power? In: Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, Vol. 48, Issue 1 (2020), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03017605.2019.1706783; on Iran: RCIT: Iran: Down with Trump’s Sanctions and Military Threats! But no political support for the reactionary Mullah Regime in Teheran! 11 May 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/worldwide/africa-and-middle-east/down-with-trump-s-sanctions-and-military-threats-against-iran/; on Greece see our book by Michael Pröbsting: Greece: A Modern Semi-Colony. The Contradictory Development of Greek Capitalism, Its Failed Attempts to Become a Minor Imperialist Power, and Its Present Situation as an Advanced Semi-Colonial Country with Some Specific Features, RCIT Books, Vienna 2015, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/greece-semi-colony/; On the RCIT’s analysis of Turkey as an advanced semi-colony see: Michael Pröbsting: World Perspectives 2018: A World Pregnant with Wars and Popular Uprisings. Theses on the World Situation, the Perspectives for Class Struggle and the Tasks of Revolutionaries (Chapter V), RCIT Books, Vienna 2018, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/world-perspectives-2018/.
[6] See on this e.g. the book by Michael Pröbsting: Anti-Imperialism in the Age of Great Power Rivalry. The Factors behind the Accelerating Rivalry between the U.S., China, Russia, EU and Japan. A Critique of the Left’s Analysis and an Outline of the Marxist Perspective, RCIT Books, Vienna 2019, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/anti-imperialism-in-the-age-of-great-power-rivalry/; see also Michael Pröbsting: How is it possible that some Marxists still Doubt that China has Become Capitalist? (A Critique of the PTS/FT). An analysis of the capitalist character of China’s State-Owned Enterprises and its political consequences, 18 September 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism-2/; by the same author: Unable to See the Wood for the Trees. Eclectic empiricism and the failure of the PTS/FT to recognize the imperialist character of China, 13 August 2020, https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/pts-ft-and-chinese-imperialism/.
[7] Michael Pröbsting: China‘s transformation into an imperialist power. A study of the economic, political and military aspects of China as a Great Power, in: Revolutionary Communism No. 4 (August 2012), http://www.thecommunists.net/publications/revcom-number-4
[8] See https://www.thecommunists.net/theory/china-russia-as-imperialist-powers/